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Merry Christmas And Happy New Year Card Free Download

Menstruation covering Christmas and other holidays

Christmas and holiday season
Christmas tree in marunouchi.jpg

Christmas tree in Japan. Christmas is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians effectually the world.
Besides called
  • Christmas season
  • Christmastime
  • Holiday season
  • The holidays
  • Festive season
  • Winter holidays (northern hemisphere)
  • Summer holidays (southern hemisphere)
  • Yuletide
  • New year's day's holidays
  • Other local or national customs
Significance Christian and secular festive season
Observances Gift giving, family meetings, religious services, parties, other holiday-specific traditions
Begins November
Ends Early January (usually afterward either New year's day'south Mean solar day, on Epiphany (January 6) or the first Sunday thereafter)[1]
Related to Advent, Christmas Mean solar day (Eve), Boxing Day, New year (Eve), Twelfth Night, Thanksgiving (US), Hanukkah, Yule, Epiphany, Kwanzaa (US), Winter solstice, others

The Christmas flavour,[two] [iii] besides called the holiday flavor (frequently merely called the holidays),[4] [5] or the festive season,[six] is an annually recurring period recognized in many Western and other countries that is generally considered to run from belatedly November to early on January.[7] [8] [9] It is defined as incorporating at least Christmas Day, New year's day, and sometimes various other holidays and festivals. Information technology likewise is associated with a menses of shopping which comprises a height season for the retail sector (the "Christmas (or vacation) shopping flavour") and a period of sales at the cease of the season (the "Jan sales"). Christmas window displays and Christmas tree lighting ceremonies when trees decorated with ornaments and light bulbs are illuminated are traditions in many areas.

In Western Christianity, the Christmas season is synonymous with Christmastide,[ten] [xi] which runs from Dec 25 (Christmas Solar day) to Jan v (Twelfth Nighttime or Epiphany Eve), popularly known as the 12 Days of Christmas, or in the Catholic Church, until the Baptism of the Lord, a Christmas season which tin final for more than or fewer than twelve days.[12] [10] Every bit the economical impact involving the anticipatory lead-up to Christmas Mean solar day grew in America and Europe into the 19th and 20th centuries, the term "Christmas flavor" began to become synonymous instead with the liturgical Christian Appearance season,[thirteen] the menstruum observed in Western Christianity from the fourth Sun before Christmas Twenty-four hour period until Christmas Eve. The term "Advent calendar" continues to be widely known in Western parlance as a term referring to a countdown to Christmas Mean solar day from the start of December, although in retail the countdown to Christmas usually begins at the end of the summer season, and start of September.

First in the mid-20th century, as the Christian-associated Christmas holiday and liturgical season, in some circles, became increasingly commercialized and primal to American economics and culture while religio-multicultural sensitivity rose, generic references to the flavour that omitted the word "Christmas" became more common in the corporate and public sphere of the United States,[14] which has caused a semantics controversy[15] that continues to the present. By the late 20th century, the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah and the new African American cultural holiday of Kwanzaa began to be considered in the U.S. as being part of the "holiday season", a term that equally of 2013 had get equally or more prevalent than "Christmas flavor" in U.Due south. sources to refer to the end-of-the-year festive period.[xiv] [16] [17] "Holiday flavor" has besides spread in varying degrees to Canada;[eighteen] however, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the phrase "holiday season" is not widely synonymous with the Christmas–New Year flow, and is often instead associated with summertime holidays.[19]

History [edit]

Wintertime solstice [edit]

Midwinter dusk at Stonehenge

The winter solstice may have been a special moment of the almanac cycle for some cultures fifty-fifty during Neolithic times. This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late Neolithic and Bronze Historic period archaeological sites, such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland. The principal axes of both of these monuments seem to have been advisedly aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is pregnant that the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its shine apartment face was turned towards the midwinter Dominicus.[20]

Roman Saturnalia [edit]

Saturnalia was an ancient Roman festival in honour of the deity Saturn, held on December 17 of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities through Dec 23. The holiday was historic with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed past private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms: gambling was permitted, and masters provided tabular array service for their slaves.[21] The poet Catullus called it "the best of days."[22]

Feast of the Birth: Christmas [edit]

The earliest source stating December 25 as the date of birth of Jesus was Hippolytus of Rome (170–236), written very early on in the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox which he placed on March 25, to which he then added nine months.[23] There is historical prove that past the heart of the 4th century, the Christian churches of the E celebrated the birth and Baptism of Jesus on the same solar day, on Jan 8, while those in the West historic a Nascence feast on December 25 (perhaps influenced past the Winter solstice); and that by the concluding quarter of the 4th century, the calendars of both churches included both feasts.[24] The earliest suggestions of a banquet of the Baptism of Jesus on January half-dozen during the 2nd century comes from Clement of Alexandria, but at that place is no further mention of such a banquet until 361, when Emperor Julian attended a banquet on January vi that twelvemonth.[24]

In the Christian tradition, the Christmas flavor is a period start on Christmas Day (December 25). In some churches (e.g., the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Communion), the flavor continues through Twelfth Night, the day before the Epiphany, which is historic either on January half-dozen or on the Sunday between January ii and 8. In other churches (e.g., the Roman Catholic Church), it continues until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord, which falls on the Sunday following the Epiphany, or on the Mon following the Epiphany if the Epiphany is moved to January 7 or 8. If the Epiphany is kept on January 6, the Church of England'southward use of the term Christmas season corresponds to the Twelve Days of Christmas, and ends on Twelfth Dark.

This short Christmas season is preceded past Appearance, which begins on the 4th Dominicus earlier Christmas Day, coinciding with the majority of the commercialized Christmas and holiday season. The Anglican Communion follows the Christmas season with an Epiphany flavour lasting until Candlemas (February two), which is traditionally the 40th solar day of the Christmas–Epiphany season;[25] meanwhile, in the Lutheran Churches and the Methodist Churches, Epiphanytide lasts until the first day of Lent, Ash Wednesday.[26]

Commercialisation and broadened scope [edit]

The Pew Enquiry Middle found that as of 2014, 72% of Americans back up the presence of Christian Christmas decorations, such as the birth scene, on government property; of that 72%, "survey data finds that a plurality (44%) of Americans say Christian symbols, such as nativity scenes, should be allowed on authorities property fifty-fifty if they are non accompanied past symbols from other faiths."[27] Half dozen in 10 Americans attend church services during Christmastime, and "among those who don't attend church at Christmastime, a majority (57%) say they would likely attend if someone they knew invited them."[28]

Co-ordinate to Yanovski et al.,[eight] in the Usa, the holiday flavor "is generally considered to begin with the day later Thanksgiving and cease afterwards New year's day". Co-ordinate to Axelrad,[9] the season in the U.s.a. encompasses at to the lowest degree Christmas and New Yr's Day, and also includes Saint Nicholas Twenty-four hours. The U.S. Fire Assistants[29] defines the "winter holiday season" as the period from December 1 to Jan 7. Co-ordinate to Chen et al.,[30] in People's republic of china, the Christmas and holiday season "is generally considered to brainstorm with the winter solstice and end after the Lantern Festival". In some stores and shopping malls, Christmas merchandise is advertised commencement afterwards Halloween or fifty-fifty earlier in tardily Oct, alongside Halloween items. In the United kingdom and Ireland, Christmas food generally appears on supermarket shelves as early as September or even August, while the Christmas shopping season itself starts from mid-November, when the loftier street Christmas lights are switched on.[31] [32]

Secular icons and symbols, such every bit Santa Claus, Rudolph the Ruby-red-Nosed Reindeer and Frosty the Snowman, are on display in addition to Christian displays of the nativity. Public holiday celebrations and observances similarly range from midnight mass to Christmas tree lighting ceremonies, church services, decorations, traditions, festivals, outdoor markets, feasts and the singing of carols.

The precise definition of feasts and festival days that are encompassed by the Christmas and holiday season has become controversial in the U.s. over recent decades. While in other countries the only holidays included in the "season" are Christmas Eve, Christmas Twenty-four hour period, St. Stephen'south Day/Boxing Day, New year's day's Eve, New year's day'due south Day and Epiphany, in contempo times, this term in the U.South. began to expand to include Yule, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Thanksgiving, Black Fri and Cyber Monday.[33] The expansion of the holiday flavor in the U.S. to embrace Thanksgiving is believed to have begun in the 1920s, when in major department stores Macy's and Gimbels launched competing Thanksgiving Twenty-four hours parades to promote Christmas sales.[34] Due to the phenomenon of Christmas creep and the informal inclusion of Thanksgiving, the Christmas and vacation flavor has begun to extend earlier into the yr, overlapping Veterans/Remembrance/Armistice Day, Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night.

Shopping [edit]

Holiday shopping in Helsinki, Finland

The commutation of gifts is central to the Christmas and holiday flavor, and the flavor thus likewise incorporates a "vacation shopping season". This comprises a elevation time for the retail sector at the start of the holiday season (the "Christmas shopping season") and a period of sales at the end of the flavour, the "January sales".

Although once dedicated mostly to white sales and clearance sales, the January sales now comprise both winter close-out sales and sales comprising the redemption of gift cards given as presents.[35] [36] Young-Bean Song, director of analytics at the Atlas Institute in Seattle, states that it is a "myth that the holiday shopping flavour starts with Thanksgiving and ends with Christmas. Jan is a key part of the holiday flavour." stating that for the U.S. east-commerce sector January sales volumes matched December sales volumes in the 2004–2005 Christmas and holiday season.[37]

Many people discover this time particularly stressful.[38] As a remedy, and as a return to what they perceive as the root of Christmas, some practice culling giving.

North America [edit]

In the The states, the vacation season is a particularly of import fourth dimension for retail shopping, with shoppers spending more $600 billion during the 2013 holiday season, averaging nigh $767 per person. During the 2014 holiday shopping season, retail sales in the United States increased to a total of over $616 billion, and in 2015, retail sales in the Usa increased to a total of over $630 billion, upwardly from 2014'due south $616 billion. The average US holiday shopper spent on average $805. More than one-half of it was spent on family shopping.[39]

It is traditionally considered to commence on the day after American Thanksgiving, a Friday colloquially known equally either Blackness Friday or Green Friday. This is widely reputed to be the busiest shopping twenty-four hour period of the unabridged calendar year. Even so, in 2004 the VISA credit carte du jour system reported that over the previous several years VISA credit card spending had in fact been 8 to xix percent higher on the last Saturday earlier Christmas Day (i.e., Super Sat) than on Blackness Fri.[40] A survey conducted in 2005 by GfK NOP discovered that "Americans aren't as drawn to Black Friday as many retailers may think", with only 17 percentage of those polled proverb that they will begin holiday shopping immediately after Thanksgiving, 13 pct saying that they plan to cease their shopping earlier November 24 and ten percent waiting until the last day before performing their vacation gift shopping.[41]

Public, secular commemoration in seasonal costume

According to a survey by the Canadian Toy Association, elevation sales in the toy industry occur in the Christmas and holiday flavor, merely this peak has been occurring afterward and afterward in the flavour every yr.[42]

In 2005, the kick-off to the Christmas and holiday season for online shopping, the first Monday after US Thanksgiving, was named Cyber Monday. Although it was a superlative, that was not the busiest online shopping day of that year. The busiest online shopping days were December 12 and 13, almost two weeks later; the 2nd Mon in December has since become known equally Green Monday. Another notable day is Free Shipping Day, a promotional day that serves as the last day in which a person can order a good online and have it make it via standard shipping (the cost of which the sender pays) prior to Christmas Eve; this day is normally on or virtually December 16.[43] Four of the largest xi online shopping days in 2005 were December xi to sixteen, with an increase of 12 percent over 2004 figures.[44] In 2011, Cyber Monday was slightly busier than Greenish Monday and Free Aircraft Day, although all three days registered sales of over U.s.a.$1 billion, and all three days registered gains ranging from 14 to 22 percent over the previous year.[43] Analysts had predicted the peak on December 12, noting that Mondays are the most popular days for online shopping during the holiday shopping flavor, in dissimilarity to the centre of the calendar week during the rest of the year. They aspect this to people "shopping in stores and malls on the weekends, and ... extending that shopping experience when they get into piece of work on Monday" past "looking for deals ... comparing shopping and ... finding items that were out of stock in the stores".[37]

In 2006, the average US household was expected to spend about $ane,700 on Christmas and holiday spendings.[45] Retail strategists such as ICSC Research[46] observed in 2005 that xv percent of vacation expenditures were in the grade of gift certificates, a percentage that was rising. So they recommended that retailers manage their inventories for the entire holiday shopping season, with a leaner inventory at the outset and new winter trade for the January sales.

Michael P. Niemira, chief economist and director of inquiry for the Shopping Center Quango, stated that he expected gift certificate usage to be between Us$30billion and Usa$40billion in the 2006–2007 holiday shopping flavor. On the basis of the growing popularity of souvenir certificates, he stated that "To get a true picture of vacation sales, one may consider measuring October, November, Dec and January sales combined equally opposed to merely November and Dec sales.", because with "a hefty amount of that spending not striking the books until January, extending the length of the flavour makes sense".[47]

According to the Deloitte 2007 Holiday Survey,[48] for the fourth straight year, gift cards were expected to be the tiptop gift purchase in 2007, with more than two-thirds (69 percent) of consumers surveyed planning to buy them, compared with 66 percent in 2006. In addition, holiday shoppers planned to buy even more cards that year: an average of v.5 cards, compared with the 4.6 cards they planned to buy the previous year. I in six consumers (16 percent) planned to buy x or more cards, compared with eleven pct the previous year. Consumers also spent more in total on gift cards and more than per card: $36.25 per menu on average compared with $30.22 final yr. Gift cards continued to grow in acceptance: Almost four in ten consumers surveyed (39 percentage) would rather get a gift carte than merchandise, an increment from the previous year'due south 35 percent. Also, resistance to giving souvenir cards continued to decline: 19 percent said they would not like to requite gift cards considering they're too impersonal (downwardly from 22 percent last year). Consumers said that the cards are popular gifts for adults, teens and children akin, and well-nigh half (46 percent) intend to purchase them for immediate family; all the same, they are hesitant to buy them for spouses or pregnant others, with just fourteen percent proverb they program to buy them for those recipients.

Some stores in Canada hold Battle Week sales (before the cease of the year) for income tax purposes.

Christmas pitter-patter [edit]

What has become known every bit "Christmas creep" refers to a merchandising miracle in which merchants and retailers exploit the commercialized condition of Christmas by moving up the commencement of the holiday shopping season.[49] The term was first used in the mid-1980s,[50] and is associated with a desire of merchants to take advantage of especially heavy Christmas-related shopping well before Blackness Fri in the United states and earlier Halloween in Canada.

The term is not used in the UK and Ireland, where retailers phone call Christmas the "golden quarter", that is, the three months of October through December is the quarter of the twelvemonth in which the retail industry hopes to make the most turn a profit.[51]

Europe [edit]

In the Democracy of Ireland and the United Kingdom, the Christmas shopping season starts from mid-Nov, effectually the time when high street Christmas lights are turned on.[31] [32] In the UK in 2010, upward to £viii billion was expected to be spent online at Christmas, approximately a quarter of full retail festive sales.[32] Retailers in the UK call Christmas the "gilded quarter", that is, the three months of Oct to December is the quarter of the year in which the retail industry hopes to make the about coin.[51] In Ireland, effectually early on Dec or late November each year, The Tardily Late Toy Show is circulate on Irish idiot box, which features all the pop toys throughout the twelvemonth beingness demonstrated and showcased before the holiday season and shopping sprees commence.

The Netherlands and Belgium have a double holiday. The start i, the arrival of the Bishop Saint Nicholas and Black Peter, starts virtually mid November, with presents being given on December 5 or half dozen. This is a separate holiday from Christmas, Bishop Saint Nick (Sinterklaas) and Santa Claus (Kerstman) being different people. Kingdom of the netherlands and Belgium oftentimes practise not commencement the Christmas season until December 6 or seven, i.e. after Sinterklaas has finished.

In France, the January sales are restricted by legislation to no more than four weeks in Paris, and no more than than six weeks for the rest of the country, normally starting time on the first Wednesday in January, and are ane of only two periods of the year when retailers are permitted to hold sales.[52] [53]

In Italy, the January sales begin on the first weekend in Jan, and last for at least half dozen weeks.[52]

In Croatia and Bosnia (predominantly Sarajevo) the sales periods are regulated past the Consumer Protection Act. The January sales catamenia starts on Dec 27 and tin can last upwards to threescore days.[54]

In Federal republic of germany, the Winterschlussverkauf (wintertime auction before the flavor ends) was 1 of 2 official sales periods (the other being the Sommerschlussverkauf, the summer sales). It begins on the concluding Monday in January and lasts for 12 days, selling left-over goods from the vacation shopping flavour, as well every bit the winter collections. Notwithstanding, unofficially, goods are sold at reduced prices by many stores throughout the whole of Jan. By the time the sales officially begin the just appurtenances left on auction are low-quality ones, oft especially manufactured for the sales.[55] [56] Since a legislative reform to the corresponding law in 2004,[57] flavor sales are now allowed over the whole year and are no longer restricted to season-related goods. However, voluntary sales even so called "Winterschlussverkauf" accept identify farther on in about stores at the aforementioned time every year.

In Sweden, where the week of the start Advent Lord's day marks the official start of the Christmas and holiday season, continuing with Saint Lucy's Day on Dec 13, followed up past Christmas before the Mellandagsrea (between days sell off) traditionally begins on December 27 (nowadays often December 26 or even December 25) and lasts during the rest of the Christmas holiday. Information technology is similar to Black Friday, but lasts longer. They terminal 34–35 days. Black Friday itself has as well gained publicity in Sweden since the early-2010s. The Swedish Christmas and holiday flavor continues over Epiphany, and finally ends on St. Knut'southward Day when the children have a Knut's party.[58]

In Bosnia (Republika Srpska), Montenegro and Serbia, holiday sales starts in the middle of Dec and final for at least one month.

Asia [edit]

Dark brown – countries that exercise not recognize Christmas on December 25 or January 7 as a public holiday.
Calorie-free brown – countries that do not recognize Christmas as a public holiday, but the holiday is given observance.

Hong Kong has a lot of seasonal activities and traditions to offer around Christmas time. December 25 and 26 are Public Holidays that makes nigh shops open up for shopping. Locals and tourists honey to lookout the 30-meter Swarovski Christmas tree in the Central as well equally the Christmas light displays on buildings on Victoria Harbour.[59] A huge party in Hong Kong called Winterfest is historic every year which involves malls, shops, theme parks and other attractions.

The Philippines has the longest Christmas flavor, reportedly.[60] As early on equally September 1 up until January ix, which is the feast of the Black Nazarene (the season ends on the Feast of the Lord'southward Baptism on the second Sunday of January or the Monday afterwards Epiphany if the second Lord's day is marked every bit such), Carolers can be typically heard going door to door serenading fellow Filipinos in exchange of coin. Over the country, parols (star shaped lanterns) are hung and lights are lit. Simbang Gabi or dawn masses kickoff December 16 and run for nine days until Christmas Eve.[61]

Due south Korea's population are 30 pct Christian[62] and Christmas is a Public Holiday. Co-ordinate to the Washington Post, "Koreans adopt cash Christmas gifts over more creative presents."[63]

Singapore widely celebrates Christmas which is a Public Vacation in this country. For 6 weeks, mid-November to early January, the 2.two-kilometre (1.4 mi) stretch of Orchard Route glitters with lights from decorated trees and building facades of malls and hotels.

Greetings [edit]

A selection of goodwill greetings are ofttimes used effectually the globe to address strangers, family unit, colleagues or friends during the season. Some greetings are more prevalent than others, depending on culture and location. Traditionally, the predominant greetings of the season have been "Merry Christmas", "Happy Christmas", and "Happy New Year". In the mid-to-late 20th century in the United States, more than generic greetings such equally "Happy Holidays" and "Season's Greetings" began to ascension in cultural prominence, and this would afterwards spread to other Western countries including Canada, Commonwealth of australia and to a lesser extent some European countries. A 2012 poll by Rasmussen Reports indicated that 68 percent of Americans prefer the use of "Merry Christmas", while 23 percent preferred "Happy Holidays".[xv] A similarly timed Canadian poll conducted by Ipsos-Reid indicated that 72 percent of Canadians preferred "Merry Christmas".[18]

Merry Christmas and Happy Christmas [edit]

The greetings and farewells "Merry Christmas" and "Happy Christmas" are traditionally used in English-speaking countries, starting a few weeks before December 25 each yr.

Variations are:

  • "Merry Christmas", the traditional English greeting, equanimous of merry (jolly, happy) and Christmas (Old English: Cristes mæsse, for Christ's Mass).
  • "Happy Christmas", an equivalent greeting used in Great United kingdom and Ireland.
  • "Merry Xmas", with the "X" replacing "Christ" (see Xmas) is sometimes used in writing, simply very rarely in speech communication. This is in line with the traditional use of the Greek letter chi (majuscule Χ, lowercase χ), the initial letter of the word Χριστός (Christ), to refer to Christ.

These greetings and their equivalents in other languages are popular not only in countries with large Christian populations, but also in the largely non-Christian nations of Red china and Japan, where Christmas is celebrated primarily due to cultural influences of predominantly Christian countries. They accept somewhat decreased in popularity in the United States and Canada in recent decades, but polls in 2005 indicated that they remained more than popular than "happy holidays" or other alternatives.[64]

History of the phrase [edit]

"Merry," derived from the Old English language myrige, originally meant merely "pleasant, agreeable" rather than joyous or jolly (as in the phrase "merry month of May").[65] Christmas has been celebrated since at to the lowest degree the 4th century AD, the first known usage of any Christmas greeting dates was in 1534.[66] "Merry Christmas and a happy new year" (thus incorporating two greetings) was in an informal letter of the alphabet written by an English language admiral in 1699. The same phrase is contained in the title of the English carol "We Wish You a Merry Christmas," and likewise appears in the beginning commercial Christmas carte, produced past Henry Cole in England in 1843.[67]

Likewise in 1843, Charles Dickens' A Christmas Ballad was published, during the mid Victorian revival of the vacation. The word "merry" was and then beginning to take on its electric current meaning of "jovial, cheerful, jolly and outgoing."[65] "Merry Christmas" in this new context figured prominently in A Christmas Carol. The contemptuous Ebenezer Scrooge rudely deflects the friendly greeting: "If I could work my will … every idiot who goes about with 'merry Christmas' on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding."[68] After the visit from the ghosts of Christmas furnishings his transformation, Scrooge exclaims; "I am equally merry every bit a schoolhouse-male child. A merry Christmas to everybody!" and heartily exchanges the wish to all he meets.[69] The instant popularity of A Christmas Ballad, the Victorian era Christmas traditions it typifies, and the term's new significant appearing in the book popularized the phrase "Merry Christmas".[70] [71]

The alternative "Happy Christmas" gained usage in the belatedly 19th century, and in the United kingdom and Ireland is a common spoken greeting, along with "Merry Christmas." One reason may be the Victorian middle-course influence in attempting to separate wholesome celebration of the Christmas season from public insobriety and associated asocial behaviour, at a time when merry too meant "intoxicated" – Queen Elizabeth Ii is said to prefer "happy Christmas" for this reason.[65] In her almanac Christmas letters to the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth has used "Happy Christmas" far more frequently than "Merry Christmas."[72] Note: "Merry Christmas" has been used only iv times: in 1962, 1967, 1970 and 1999.[73] "Happy Christmas" has been used on nigh every broadcast since 1956. One year included both greetings,[74] and "blest Christmas" was used in 1954 and 2007.[75]

In the American poet Clement Moore'due south "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (1823), the final line, originally written equally "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a skilful night", has been changed in many later editions to "Merry Christmas to all," perhaps indicating the relative popularity of the phrases in the US.

Happy holidays [edit]

In North America, "happy holidays" has, forth with the similarly generalized "season's greetings", become a common seasonal expression, both spoken as a personal greeting and used in advertisements, on greeting cards, and in commercial and public spaces such equally retail businesses, public schools, and government agencies. Its use is mostly confined to the period between American Thanksgiving and New year'south Day.[ commendation needed ] The phrase has been used as a Christmas greeting in the United states for more than 100 years.[76]

The increasing usage of "happy holidays" has been the subject of some controversy in the United states of america. Advocates claim that "happy holidays" is an inclusive greeting that is not intended as an attack on Christianity or other religions, but is rather a response to what they say is the reality of a growing not-Christian population. Opponents of the greeting generally merits it is a secular neologism intended to de-emphasize Christmas or even supersede it entirely.

"Happy holidays" has been variously characterized by critics as politically right, materialistic, consumerist, atheistic, indifferentist, doubter, anti-theist, anti-Christian, or fifty-fifty a covert form of Christian cultural imperialism.[77] The phrase has been associated with a larger cultural disharmonism dubbed by some commentators as the "War on Christmas".[76] [78] The Rev. Barry Westward. Lynn, the executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, has stated the uproar is based on "stories that just sometimes even comprise a grain of truth and often are completely false."[76]

Season's greetings [edit]

"Season's greetings" is a greeting more than commonly used as a motto on winter season greeting cards, and in commercial advertisements, than as a spoken phrase. In addition to "Merry Christmas", Victorian Christmas cards diameter a variety of salutations, including "compliments of the flavour" and "Christmas greetings." By the late 19th century, "with the flavour's greetings" or simply "the flavour's greetings" began appearing. By the 1920s information technology had been shortened to "season's greetings,"[79] and has been a greeting card fixture e'er since. Several White House Christmas cards, including U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1955 card, accept featured the phrase.[80]

Medical analyses [edit]

Diverse studies have been performed on the effects of the Christmas and holiday season, which encompasses several banquet days, on health. They accept ended that the wellness changes that occur during the Christmas and holiday flavor are not reversed during the rest of the year and have a long-term cumulative consequence over a person's life, and that the risks of several medical problems increase during the Christmas and holiday season.

Nutrition [edit]

Yanovski et al.[eight] investigated the assertion that the average American gains weight over the season. They institute that average weight gain over the Christmas and holiday flavour is effectually 0.48 kilograms (1.i lb). They likewise found that this weight gain is not reversed over the rest of the year, and ended that this "probably contributes to the increase in body weight that frequently occurs during machismo" (cf Lent). Research indicates that adults who counterbalance themselves daily with admission to their weight graph tended to avoid holiday weight gain;[81] [82] however, self-weighing tends to decrease during the holiday season.[82] Self-monitoring diet (e.one thousand., nutrient, calories, and fat) and physical activity each day helps adults avert weight gain during the holidays.[83] [84] [85]

Chan et al.[thirty] investigated the increases in A1C and fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, to run into whether these increases were steady throughout the yr or varied seasonally. They concluded that the winter holidays did influence the glycemic control of the patients, with the largest increases being during that period, increases that "might not exist reversed during the summertime and autumn months".

The Christmas and holiday flavour, according to a survey past the ADA, is the second most popular reason, after birthdays, for sharing food in the workplace. The British Columbia Safety Quango states that if proper food safe procedures are not followed, food set out for sharing in the workplace can serve as a convenance ground for bacteria, and recommends that perishable foods (for which it gives pizza, common cold cuts, dips, salads, and sandwiches as examples) should not sit out for more than 2 hours.[86]

Other problems [edit]

A survey conducted in 2005 constitute shopping caused headaches in virtually a quarter of people and sleeplessness in eleven percent.[38]

Phillips et al.[87] investigated whether some or all of the spike in cardiac bloodshed that occurs during December and January could be ascribed to the Christmas/New year's day'southward holidays rather than to climatic factors. They ended that the Christmas and holiday season is "a risk gene for cardiac and noncardiac mortality", stating that there are "multiple explanations for this clan, including the possibility that holiday-induced delays in seeking treatment play a role in producing the twin vacation spikes".

The Asthma Society of Canada[88] states that the Christmas and holiday flavor increases exposure to irritants considering people spend xc percent of their time indoors, and that seasonal decorations in the domicile innovate additional, further, irritants beyond the ones that be all year around. It recommends that asthmatics avoid scented candles, for instance, recommending either that candles non be lit or that soy or beeswax candles be used.

Other effects [edit]

According to the Stanford Recycling Center[89] Americans throw away 25 percent more trash during the Christmas and holiday flavour than at other times of the yr.

Because of the cold weather in the Northern Hemisphere, the Christmas and holiday season (also as the second half of winter) is a time of increased apply of fuel for domestic heating. This has prompted concerns in the U.k. nearly the possibility of a shortage in the domestic gas supply. However, in the event of an exceptionally long cold season, it is industrial users, signed on to interruptible supply contracts, who would find themselves without gas supply.[90]

The U.Due south. Fire Assistants[29] states that the Christmas and holiday season is "a time of elevated risk for winter heating fires" and that the fact that many people gloat the different holidays during the Christmas and holiday flavor past decorating their homes with seasonal garlands, electrical lights, candles, and banners, has the potential to alter the profile of burn down incidence and cause. The Regime of Alberta Ministry of Municipal Affairs[91] states that candle-related fires rising past 140 pct during the Christmas and holiday season, with virtually fires involving human fault and most deaths and injuries resulting from the failure to extinguish candles before going to bed. It states that consumers don't expect candle holders to tip over or to grab fire, bold that they are rubber, but that in fact candle holders tin can do this.

Because of increased alcohol consumption at festivities and poorer road weather condition during the winter months, alcohol-related road traffic accidents increase over the Christmas and holiday flavor.[92]

Legal issues [edit]

United States [edit]

In the United States, the Institution Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the U.s.a. has had significant legal impact upon the activities of governments and of state-funded public schools during and relating to the Christmas and vacation flavor, and has been the source of controversy.

Public schools are subject field to what the Anti-Defamation League terms the "December dilemma",[93] namely the job of "acknowledging the various religious and secular holiday traditions celebrated during that fourth dimension of year" whilst restricting observances of the various religious festivals to what is constitutionally permissible. The ADL and many school district authorities have published guidelines for schools and for teachers.[94] For instance, the directive on maintaining religious neutrality in public schools over the Christmas and holiday flavour, given to public school administrators in the District of Columbia past the superintendent,[95] contains several points on what may and may non be taught in the District of Columbia Public Schools, the themes of parties and concerts, the uses of religious symbols, the locations of school events and classes and prayer.

Russia [edit]

In 2002, Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov ordered all stores, restaurants, cafés and markets to brandish seasonal decorations and lights in their windows and interiors from December 1 onwards. Banks, postal service offices and public institutions were to exercise the same from December 15, with violators liable for fines of up to 200 rubles. Every concern was ordered to take illuminated windows during the hours of 16:30 until 01:00. This acquired a mixed reaction, with people objecting to beingness forced to put up decorations.[96]

See also [edit]

  • List of winter festivals
  • Seasonal affective disorder
  • Winterval

References [edit]

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Farther reading [edit]

  • Leigh Eric Schmidt (September 1, 1995). Consumer rites: the buying & selling of American holidays. Princeton, Northward.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 106–191. ISBN0-691-02980-half dozen.
  • "Holiday Shopping? How To Be on Guard When You're Online". Consumer Alerts. Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original on March 29, 2007.  – The FTC's advice to consumers who are shopping during the holiday flavor
  • Tom I. Romero II (Dec 2002). "Bah Humbug! Colorado Law and the Christmas and holiday season". The Colorado Lawyer. 31 (12): 139. Archived from the original on September 6, 2005.
  • Richard Heinberg (September 1993). Gloat the Solstice. U.Due south.: Quest Books. ISBN0-8356-0693-vii.
  • Liran Einav (August 12, 2002). "Seasonality and Competition in Time: An Empirical Analysis of Release Engagement Decisions in the U.South. Motion Moving picture Manufacture" (PDF).  – Einav describes the Christmas and holiday flavor as 1 of the two periods of the twelvemonth (the other beingness the first of Summer, Memorial Mean solar day to Labor Day) where "movie makers [...] tend to release their biggest hits".

External links [edit]

  • Naughty & Dainty: A History of the Vacation Season – An hour-long public radio programme exploring the roots of American beliefs and rituals surrounding the winter holidays
  • "Wintertime Holidays". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2002.  – A serial of lesson plans for teaching children about the wintertime holidays.

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